The original course is on deeplearning.ai.

In ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers, you will learn how to use a large language model (LLM) to quickly build new and powerful applications. Using the OpenAI API, you’ll be able to quickly build capabilities that learn to innovate and create value in ways that were cost-prohibitive, highly technical, or simply impossible before now.

This short course taught by Isa Fulford (OpenAI) and Andrew Ng (DeepLearning.AI) will describe how LLMs work, provide best practices for prompt engineering, and show how LLM APIs can be used in applications for a variety of tasks, including:

  • Summarizing (e.g., summarizing user reviews for brevity)
  • Inferring (e.g., sentiment classification, topic extraction)
  • Transforming text (e.g., translation, spelling & grammar correction)
  • Expanding (e.g., automatically writing emails)

In addition, you’ll learn two key principles for writing effective prompts, how to systematically engineer good prompts, and also learn to build a custom chatbot.

All concepts are illustrated with numerous examples, which you can play with directly in our Jupyter notebook environment to get hands-on experience with prompt engineering.

Guidelines

Setup

Load the API key and relevant Python libaries.

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import openai
import os

from dotenv import load_dotenv, find_dotenv
_ = load_dotenv(find_dotenv())

openai.api_key  = os.getenv('OPENAI_API_KEY')

helper function

Throughout this course, we will use OpenAI’s gpt-3.5-turbo model and the chat completions endpoint.

This helper function will make it easier to use prompts and look at the generated outputs:

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def get_completion(prompt, model="gpt-3.5-turbo"):
    messages = [{"role": "user", "content": prompt}]
    response = openai.ChatCompletion.create(
        model=model,
        messages=messages,
        temperature=0, # this is the degree of randomness of the model's output
    )
    return response.choices[0].message["content"]

def get_completion_from_messages(messages, model="gpt-3.5-turbo", temperature=0):
    response = openai.ChatCompletion.create(
        model=model,
        messages=messages,
        temperature=temperature, # this is the degree of randomness of the model's output
    )
#     print(str(response.choices[0].message))
    return response.choices[0].message["content"]

Prompting Principles

  • Principle 1: Write clear and specific instructions
  • Principle 2: Give the model time to “think”

Tactics

Tactic 1: Use delimiters to clearly indicate distinct parts of the input

  • Delimiters can be anything like: ```, “””, < >, <tag> </tag>, :
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text = f"""
You should express what you want a model to do by \ 
providing instructions that are as clear and \ 
specific as you can possibly make them. \ 
This will guide the model towards the desired output, \ 
and reduce the chances of receiving irrelevant \ 
or incorrect responses. Don't confuse writing a \ 
clear prompt with writing a short prompt. \ 
In many cases, longer prompts provide more clarity \ 
and context for the model, which can lead to \ 
more detailed and relevant outputs.
"""
prompt = f"""
Summarize the text delimited by triple backticks \ 
into a single sentence.
```{text}```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Clear and specific instructions should be provided to guide a model towards the desired output, and longer prompts can provide more clarity and context for the model, leading to more detailed and relevant outputs.

Tactic 2: Ask for a structured output

  • JSON, HTML
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prompt = f"""
Generate a list of three made-up book titles along \ 
with their authors and genres. 
Provide them in JSON format with the following keys: 
book_id, title, author, genre.
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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[
  {
    "book_id": 1,
    "title": "The Lost City of Zorath",
    "author": "Aria Blackwood",
    "genre": "Fantasy"
  },
  {
    "book_id": 2,
    "title": "The Last Hope",
    "author": "Ethan Stone",
    "genre": "Science Fiction"
  },
  {
    "book_id": 3,
    "title": "The Secret of the Blue Moon",
    "author": "Lila Rose",
    "genre": "Mystery"
  }
]

Tactic 3: Ask the model to check whether conditions are satisfied

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text_1 = f"""
Making a cup of tea is easy! First, you need to get some \ 
water boiling. While that's happening, \ 
grab a cup and put a tea bag in it. Once the water is \ 
hot enough, just pour it over the tea bag. \ 
Let it sit for a bit so the tea can steep. After a \ 
few minutes, take out the tea bag. If you \ 
like, you can add some sugar or milk to taste. \ 
And that's it! You've got yourself a delicious \ 
cup of tea to enjoy.
"""
prompt = f"""
You will be provided with text delimited by triple quotes. 
If it contains a sequence of instructions, \ 
re-write those instructions in the following format:

Step 1 - ...
Step 2 - …
…
Step N - …

If the text does not contain a sequence of instructions, \ 
then simply write \"No steps provided.\"

\"\"\"{text_1}\"\"\"
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print("Completion for Text 1:")
print(response)
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Completion for Text 1:
Step 1 - Get some water boiling.
Step 2 - Grab a cup and put a tea bag in it.
Step 3 - Once the water is hot enough, pour it over the tea bag.
Step 4 - Let it sit for a bit so the tea can steep.
Step 5 - After a few minutes, take out the tea bag.
Step 6 - Add some sugar or milk to taste.
Step 7 - Enjoy your delicious cup of tea!
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text_2 = f"""
The sun is shining brightly today, and the birds are \
singing. It's a beautiful day to go for a \ 
walk in the park. The flowers are blooming, and the \ 
trees are swaying gently in the breeze. People \ 
are out and about, enjoying the lovely weather. \ 
Some are having picnics, while others are playing \ 
games or simply relaxing on the grass. It's a \ 
perfect day to spend time outdoors and appreciate the \ 
beauty of nature.
"""
prompt = f"""
You will be provided with text delimited by triple quotes. 
If it contains a sequence of instructions, \ 
re-write those instructions in the following format:

Step 1 - ...
Step 2 - …
…
Step N - …

If the text does not contain a sequence of instructions, \ 
then simply write \"No steps provided.\"

\"\"\"{text_2}\"\"\"
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print("Completion for Text 2:")
print(response)
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Completion for Text 2:
No steps provided.

Tactic 4: “Few-shot” prompting

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prompt = f"""
Your task is to answer in a consistent style.

<child>: Teach me about patience.

<grandparent>: The river that carves the deepest \ 
valley flows from a modest spring; the \ 
grandest symphony originates from a single note; \ 
the most intricate tapestry begins with a solitary thread.

<child>: Teach me about resilience.
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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<grandparent>: Resilience is like a tree that bends with the wind but never breaks. It is the ability to bounce back from adversity and keep moving forward, even when things get tough. Just like a tree that grows stronger with each storm it weathers, resilience is a quality that can be developed and strengthened over time.

Principle 2: Give the model time to “think”

Tactic 1: Specify the steps required to complete a task

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text = f"""
In a charming village, siblings Jack and Jill set out on \ 
a quest to fetch water from a hilltop \ 
well. As they climbed, singing joyfully, misfortune \ 
struck—Jack tripped on a stone and tumbled \ 
down the hill, with Jill following suit. \ 
Though slightly battered, the pair returned home to \ 
comforting embraces. Despite the mishap, \ 
their adventurous spirits remained undimmed, and they \ 
continued exploring with delight.
"""
# example 1
prompt_1 = f"""
Perform the following actions: 
1 - Summarize the following text delimited by triple \
backticks with 1 sentence.
2 - Translate the summary into French.
3 - List each name in the French summary.
4 - Output a json object that contains the following \
keys: french_summary, num_names.

Separate your answers with line breaks.

Text:
```{text}```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt_1)
print("Completion for prompt 1:")
print(response)
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Completion for prompt 1:
Two siblings, Jack and Jill, go on a quest to fetch water from a well on a hilltop, but misfortune strikes and they both tumble down the hill, returning home slightly battered but with their adventurous spirits undimmed.

Deux frères et sœurs, Jack et Jill, partent en quête d'eau d'un puits sur une colline, mais un malheur frappe et ils tombent tous les deux de la colline, rentrant chez eux légèrement meurtris mais avec leurs esprits aventureux intacts. 
Noms: Jack, Jill.

{
  "french_summary": "Deux frères et sœurs, Jack et Jill, partent en quête d'eau d'un puits sur une colline, mais un malheur frappe et ils tombent tous les deux de la colline, rentrant chez eux légèrement meurtris mais avec leurs esprits aventureux intacts.",
  "num_names": 2
}

Ask for output in a specified format

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prompt_2 = f"""
Your task is to perform the following actions: 
1 - Summarize the following text delimited by 
  <> with 1 sentence.
2 - Translate the summary into French.
3 - List each name in the French summary.
4 - Output a json object that contains the 
  following keys: french_summary, num_names.

Use the following format:
Text: <text to summarize>
Summary: <summary>
Translation: <summary translation>
Names: <list of names in Italian summary>
Output JSON: <json with summary and num_names>

Text: <{text}>
"""
response = get_completion(prompt_2)
print("\nCompletion for prompt 2:")
print(response)
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Completion for prompt 2:
Summary: Jack and Jill go on a quest to fetch water, but misfortune strikes and they tumble down the hill, returning home slightly battered but with their adventurous spirits undimmed. 
Translation: Jack et Jill partent en quête d'eau, mais un malheur frappe et ils tombent de la colline, rentrant chez eux légèrement meurtris mais avec leurs esprits aventureux intacts.
Names: Jack, Jill
Output JSON: {"french_summary": "Jack et Jill partent en quête d'eau, mais un malheur frappe et ils tombent de la colline, rentrant chez eux légèrement meurtris mais avec leurs esprits aventureux intacts.", "num_names": 2}

Tactic 2: Instruct the model to work out its own solution before rushing to a conclusion

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prompt = f"""
Determine if the student's solution is correct or not.

Question:
I'm building a solar power installation and I need \
 help working out the financials. 
- Land costs $100 / square foot
- I can buy solar panels for $250 / square foot
- I negotiated a contract for maintenance that will cost \ 
me a flat $100k per year, and an additional $10 / square \
foot
What is the total cost for the first year of operations 
as a function of the number of square feet.

Student's Solution:
Let x be the size of the installation in square feet.
Costs:
1. Land cost: 100x
2. Solar panel cost: 250x
3. Maintenance cost: 100,000 + 100x
Total cost: 100x + 250x + 100,000 + 100x = 450x + 100,000
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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The student's solution is correct.

Note that the student’s solution is actually not correct.

We can fix this by instructing the model to work out its own solution first.

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prompt = f"""
Your task is to determine if the student's solution \
is correct or not.
To solve the problem do the following:
- First, work out your own solution to the problem. 
- Then compare your solution to the student's solution \ 
and evaluate if the student's solution is correct or not. 
Don't decide if the student's solution is correct until 
you have done the problem yourself.

Use the following format:
Question:
\\```
question here
\\```
Student's solution:
\\```
student's solution here
\\```
Actual solution:
\\```
steps to work out the solution and your solution here
\\```
Is the student's solution the same as actual solution \
just calculated:
\\```
yes or no
\\```
Student grade:
\\```
correct or incorrect
\\```

Question:
\\```
I'm building a solar power installation and I need help \
working out the financials. 
- Land costs $100 / square foot
- I can buy solar panels for $250 / square foot
- I negotiated a contract for maintenance that will cost \
me a flat $100k per year, and an additional $10 / square \
foot
What is the total cost for the first year of operations \
as a function of the number of square feet.
\\``` 
Student's solution:
\\```
Let x be the size of the installation in square feet.
Costs:
1. Land cost: 100x
2. Solar panel cost: 250x
3. Maintenance cost: 100,000 + 100x
Total cost: 100x + 250x + 100,000 + 100x = 450x + 100,000
\\```
Actual solution:
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Let x be the size of the installation in square feet.

Costs:
1. Land cost: 100x
2. Solar panel cost: 250x
3. Maintenance cost: 100,000 + 10x

Total cost: 100x + 250x + 100,000 + 10x = 360x + 100,000

Is the student's solution the same as actual solution just calculated:
No

Student grade:
Incorrect

Model Limitations: Hallucinations

  • Boie is a real company, the product name is not real.
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prompt = f"""
Tell me about AeroGlide UltraSlim Smart Toothbrush by Boie
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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The AeroGlide UltraSlim Smart Toothbrush by Boie is a high-tech toothbrush that uses advanced sonic technology to provide a deep and thorough clean. It features a slim and sleek design that makes it easy to hold and maneuver, and it comes with a range of smart features that help you optimize your brushing routine.

One of the key features of the AeroGlide UltraSlim Smart Toothbrush is its advanced sonic technology, which uses high-frequency vibrations to break up plaque and bacteria on your teeth and gums. This technology is highly effective at removing even the toughest stains and buildup, leaving your teeth feeling clean and refreshed.

In addition to its sonic technology, the AeroGlide UltraSlim Smart Toothbrush also comes with a range of smart features that help you optimize your brushing routine. These include a built-in timer that ensures you brush for the recommended two minutes, as well as a pressure sensor that alerts you if you're brushing too hard.

Overall, the AeroGlide UltraSlim Smart Toothbrush by Boie is a highly advanced and effective toothbrush that is perfect for anyone looking to take their oral hygiene to the next level. With its advanced sonic technology and smart features, it provides a deep and thorough clean that leaves your teeth feeling fresh and healthy.

Iterative Prompt Develelopment

In this lesson, you’ll iteratively analyze and refine your prompts to generate marketing copy from a product fact sheet.

Generate a marketing product description from a product fact sheet

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fact_sheet_chair = """
OVERVIEW
- Part of a beautiful family of mid-century inspired office furniture, 
including filing cabinets, desks, bookcases, meeting tables, and more.
- Several options of shell color and base finishes.
- Available with plastic back and front upholstery (SWC-100) 
or full upholstery (SWC-110) in 10 fabric and 6 leather options.
- Base finish options are: stainless steel, matte black, 
gloss white, or chrome.
- Chair is available with or without armrests.
- Suitable for home or business settings.
- Qualified for contract use.

CONSTRUCTION
- 5-wheel plastic coated aluminum base.
- Pneumatic chair adjust for easy raise/lower action.

DIMENSIONS
- WIDTH 53 CM | 20.87”
- DEPTH 51 CM | 20.08”
- HEIGHT 80 CM | 31.50”
- SEAT HEIGHT 44 CM | 17.32”
- SEAT DEPTH 41 CM | 16.14”

OPTIONS
- Soft or hard-floor caster options.
- Two choices of seat foam densities: 
 medium (1.8 lb/ft3) or high (2.8 lb/ft3)
- Armless or 8 position PU armrests 

MATERIALS
SHELL BASE GLIDER
- Cast Aluminum with modified nylon PA6/PA66 coating.
- Shell thickness: 10 mm.
SEAT
- HD36 foam

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
- Italy
"""
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prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Introducing our stunning mid-century inspired office chair, the perfect addition to any home or business setting. Part of a beautiful family of office furniture, including filing cabinets, desks, bookcases, meeting tables, and more, this chair is available in several options of shell color and base finishes to suit your style. Choose from plastic back and front upholstery (SWC-100) or full upholstery (SWC-110) in 10 fabric and 6 leather options.

The chair is constructed with a 5-wheel plastic coated aluminum base and features a pneumatic chair adjust for easy raise/lower action. It is available with or without armrests and comes with soft or hard-floor caster options. You can also choose between two seat foam densities: medium (1.8 lb/ft3) or high (2.8 lb/ft3).

The chair is made with high-quality materials, including a cast aluminum shell with modified nylon PA6/PA66 coating and a 10 mm shell thickness. The seat is made with HD36 foam for ultimate comfort.

With a width of 53 cm, depth of 51 cm, and height of 80 cm, this chair is the perfect size for any workspace. The seat height is 44 cm and the seat depth is 41 cm.

Choose from base finish options of stainless steel, matte black, gloss white, or chrome to complete the look. This chair is qualified for contract use and proudly made in Italy. Upgrade your workspace with our stylish and comfortable mid-century inspired office chair.

Issue 1: The text is too long

  • Limit the number of words/sentences/characters.
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prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

Use at most 50 words.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Introducing our mid-century inspired office chair, perfect for home or business settings. Available in a range of shell colors and base finishes, with or without armrests. Choose from 10 fabric and 6 leather options for full or plastic upholstery. With a 5-wheel base and pneumatic chair adjust, it's both stylish and functional. Made in Italy.

Issue 2. Text focuses on the wrong details

  • Ask it to focus on the aspects that are relevant to the intended audience.
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prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

The description is intended for furniture retailers, 
so should be technical in nature and focus on the 
materials the product is constructed from.

Use at most 50 words.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Introducing our mid-century inspired office chair, perfect for both home and business settings. With a range of shell colors and base finishes, including stainless steel and matte black, this chair is available with or without armrests. The 5-wheel plastic coated aluminum base and pneumatic chair adjust make it easy to move and adjust to your desired height. Made with high-quality materials, including a cast aluminum shell and HD36 foam seat, this chair is built to last.
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prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

The description is intended for furniture retailers, 
so should be technical in nature and focus on the 
materials the product is constructed from.

At the end of the description, include every 7-character 
Product ID in the technical specification.

Use at most 50 words.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Introducing our mid-century inspired office chair, perfect for home or business settings. With a range of shell colors and base finishes, and the option of plastic or full upholstery, this chair is both stylish and comfortable. Constructed with a 5-wheel plastic coated aluminum base and pneumatic chair adjust, it's also practical. Available with or without armrests and suitable for contract use. Product ID: SWC-100, SWC-110.

Issue 3. Description needs a table of dimensions

  • Ask it to extract information and organize it in a table.
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prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

The description is intended for furniture retailers, 
so should be technical in nature and focus on the 
materials the product is constructed from.

At the end of the description, include every 7-character 
Product ID in the technical specification.

After the description, include a table that gives the 
product's dimensions. The table should have two columns.
In the first column include the name of the dimension. 
In the second column include the measurements in inches only.

Give the table the title 'Product Dimensions'.

Format everything as HTML that can be used in a website. 
Place the description in a <div> element.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""

response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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<div>
<h2>Mid-Century Inspired Office Chair</h2>
<p>Introducing our mid-century inspired office chair, part of a beautiful family of office furniture that includes filing cabinets, desks, bookcases, meeting tables, and more. This chair is available in several options of shell color and base finishes, allowing you to customize it to your liking. You can choose between plastic back and front upholstery or full upholstery in 10 fabric and 6 leather options. The base finish options are stainless steel, matte black, gloss white, or chrome. The chair is also available with or without armrests, making it suitable for both home and business settings. Plus, it's qualified for contract use, ensuring its durability and longevity.</p>
<p>The chair's construction features a 5-wheel plastic coated aluminum base and a pneumatic chair adjust for easy raise/lower action. You can also choose between soft or hard-floor caster options and two choices of seat foam densities: medium (1.8 lb/ft3) or high (2.8 lb/ft3). The armrests are also customizable, with the option of armless or 8 position PU armrests.</p>
<p>The materials used in the chair's construction are of the highest quality. The shell base glider is made of cast aluminum with modified nylon PA6/PA66 coating, with a shell thickness of 10 mm. The seat is made of HD36 foam, ensuring maximum comfort and support.</p>
<p>Made in Italy, this mid-century inspired office chair is the perfect addition to any office space. Order yours today!</p>
<h3>Product IDs:</h3>
<ul>
<li>SWC-100</li>
<li>SWC-110</li>
</ul>
</div>

<table>
  <caption>Product Dimensions</caption>
  <tr>
    <th>Dimension</th>
    <th>Measurement (inches)</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Width</td>
    <td>20.87"</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Depth</td>
    <td>20.08"</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Height</td>
    <td>31.50"</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Seat Height</td>
    <td>17.32"</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Seat Depth</td>
    <td>16.14"</td>
  </tr>
</table>

Summarizing

In this lesson, you will summarize text with a focus on specific topics.

Text to summarize

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prod_review = """
Got this panda plush toy for my daughter's birthday, \
who loves it and takes it everywhere. It's soft and \ 
super cute, and its face has a friendly look. It's \ 
a bit small for what I paid though. I think there \ 
might be other options that are bigger for the \ 
same price. It arrived a day earlier than expected, \ 
so I got to play with it myself before I gave it \ 
to her.
"""

Summarize with a word/sentence/character limit

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prompt = f"""
Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \
review from an ecommerce site. 

Summarize the review below, delimited by triple 
backticks, in at most 30 words. 

Review: ```{prod_review}```
"""

response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Soft and cute panda plush toy loved by daughter, but a bit small for the price. Arrived early.

Summarize with a focus on shipping and delivery

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prompt = f"""
Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \
review from an ecommerce site to give feedback to the \
Shipping deparmtment. 

Summarize the review below, delimited by triple 
backticks, in at most 30 words, and focusing on any aspects \
that mention shipping and delivery of the product. 

Review: ```{prod_review}```
"""

response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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The panda plush toy arrived a day earlier than expected, but the customer felt it was a bit small for the price paid.

Summarize with a focus on price and value

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prompt = f"""
Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \
review from an ecommerce site to give feedback to the \
pricing deparmtment, responsible for determining the \
price of the product.  

Summarize the review below, delimited by triple 
backticks, in at most 30 words, and focusing on any aspects \
that are relevant to the price and perceived value. 

Review: ```{prod_review}```
"""

response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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The panda plush toy is soft, cute, and loved by the recipient, but the price may be too high for its size.
  • Summaries include topics that are not related to the topic of focus.

Try “extract” instead of “summarize”

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prompt = f"""
Your task is to extract relevant information from \ 
a product review from an ecommerce site to give \
feedback to the Shipping department. 

From the review below, delimited by triple quotes \
extract the information relevant to shipping and \ 
delivery. Limit to 30 words. 

Review: ```{prod_review}```
"""

response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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The product arrived a day earlier than expected.

Summarize multiple product reviews

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review_1 = prod_review 

# review for a standing lamp
review_2 = """
Needed a nice lamp for my bedroom, and this one \
had additional storage and not too high of a price \
point. Got it fast - arrived in 2 days. The string \
to the lamp broke during the transit and the company \
happily sent over a new one. Came within a few days \
as well. It was easy to put together. Then I had a \
missing part, so I contacted their support and they \
very quickly got me the missing piece! Seems to me \
to be a great company that cares about their customers \
and products. 
"""

# review for an electric toothbrush
review_3 = """
My dental hygienist recommended an electric toothbrush, \
which is why I got this. The battery life seems to be \
pretty impressive so far. After initial charging and \
leaving the charger plugged in for the first week to \
condition the battery, I've unplugged the charger and \
been using it for twice daily brushing for the last \
3 weeks all on the same charge. But the toothbrush head \
is too small. I’ve seen baby toothbrushes bigger than \
this one. I wish the head was bigger with different \
length bristles to get between teeth better because \
this one doesn’t.  Overall if you can get this one \
around the $50 mark, it's a good deal. The manufactuer's \
replacements heads are pretty expensive, but you can \
get generic ones that're more reasonably priced. This \
toothbrush makes me feel like I've been to the dentist \
every day. My teeth feel sparkly clean! 
"""

# review for a blender
review_4 = """
So, they still had the 17 piece system on seasonal \
sale for around $49 in the month of November, about \
half off, but for some reason (call it price gouging) \
around the second week of December the prices all went \
up to about anywhere from between $70-$89 for the same \
system. And the 11 piece system went up around $10 or \
so in price also from the earlier sale price of $29. \
So it looks okay, but if you look at the base, the part \
where the blade locks into place doesn’t look as good \
as in previous editions from a few years ago, but I \
plan to be very gentle with it (example, I crush \
very hard items like beans, ice, rice, etc. in the \ 
blender first then pulverize them in the serving size \
I want in the blender then switch to the whipping \
blade for a finer flour, and use the cross cutting blade \
first when making smoothies, then use the flat blade \
if I need them finer/less pulpy). Special tip when making \
smoothies, finely cut and freeze the fruits and \
vegetables (if using spinach-lightly stew soften the \ 
spinach then freeze until ready for use-and if making \
sorbet, use a small to medium sized food processor) \ 
that you plan to use that way you can avoid adding so \
much ice if at all-when making your smoothie. \
After about a year, the motor was making a funny noise. \
I called customer service but the warranty expired \
already, so I had to buy another one. FYI: The overall \
quality has gone done in these types of products, so \
they are kind of counting on brand recognition and \
consumer loyalty to maintain sales. Got it in about \
two days.
"""

reviews = [review_1, review_2, review_3, review_4]
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for i in range(len(reviews)):
    prompt = f"""
    Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \ 
    review from an ecommerce site. 

    Summarize the review below, delimited by triple \
    backticks in at most 20 words. 

    Review: ```{reviews[i]}```
    """

    response = get_completion(prompt)
    print(i, response, "\n")
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0 Soft and cute panda plush toy loved by daughter, but a bit small for the price. Arrived early. 

1 Affordable lamp with storage, fast shipping, and excellent customer service. Easy to assemble and missing parts were quickly replaced. 

2 Good battery life, small toothbrush head, but effective cleaning. Good deal if bought around $50. 

3 Mixed review of a blender system with price gouging and decreased quality, but helpful tips for use.

Inferring

In this lesson, you will infer sentiment and topics from product reviews and news articles.

Product review text

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lamp_review = """
Needed a nice lamp for my bedroom, and this one had \
additional storage and not too high of a price point. \
Got it fast.  The string to our lamp broke during the \
transit and the company happily sent over a new one. \
Came within a few days as well. It was easy to put \
together.  I had a missing part, so I contacted their \
support and they very quickly got me the missing piece! \
Lumina seems to me to be a great company that cares \
about their customers and products!!
"""

Sentiment (positive/negative)

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prompt = f"""
What is the sentiment of the following product review, 
which is delimited with triple backticks?

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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The sentiment of the product review is positive.
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prompt = f"""
What is the sentiment of the following product review, 
which is delimited with triple backticks?

Give your answer as a single word, either "positive" \
or "negative".

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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positive

Identify types of emotions

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prompt = f"""
Identify a list of emotions that the writer of the \
following review is expressing. Include no more than \
five items in the list. Format your answer as a list of \
lower-case words separated by commas.

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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happy, satisfied, grateful, impressed, content

Identify anger

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prompt = f"""
Is the writer of the following review expressing anger?\
The review is delimited with triple backticks. \
Give your answer as either yes or no.

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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No

Extract product and company name from customer reviews

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prompt = f"""
Identify the following items from the review text: 
- Item purchased by reviewer
- Company that made the item

The review is delimited with triple backticks. \
Format your response as a JSON object with \
"Item" and "Brand" as the keys. 
If the information isn't present, use "unknown" \
as the value.
Make your response as short as possible.
  
Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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{
  "Item": "lamp",
  "Brand": "Lumina"
}

Doing multiple tasks at once

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prompt = f"""
Identify the following items from the review text: 
- Sentiment (positive or negative)
- Is the reviewer expressing anger? (true or false)
- Item purchased by reviewer
- Company that made the item

The review is delimited with triple backticks. \
Format your response as a JSON object with \
"Sentiment", "Anger", "Item" and "Brand" as the keys.
If the information isn't present, use "unknown" \
as the value.
Make your response as short as possible.
Format the Anger value as a boolean.

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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{
  "Sentiment": "positive",
  "Anger": false,
  "Item": "lamp with additional storage",
  "Brand": "Lumina"
}

Inferring topics

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story = """
In a recent survey conducted by the government, 
public sector employees were asked to rate their level 
of satisfaction with the department they work at. 
The results revealed that NASA was the most popular 
department with a satisfaction rating of 95%.

One NASA employee, John Smith, commented on the findings, 
stating, "I'm not surprised that NASA came out on top. 
It's a great place to work with amazing people and 
incredible opportunities. I'm proud to be a part of 
such an innovative organization."

The results were also welcomed by NASA's management team, 
with Director Tom Johnson stating, "We are thrilled to 
hear that our employees are satisfied with their work at NASA. 
We have a talented and dedicated team who work tirelessly 
to achieve our goals, and it's fantastic to see that their 
hard work is paying off."

The survey also revealed that the 
Social Security Administration had the lowest satisfaction 
rating, with only 45% of employees indicating they were 
satisfied with their job. The government has pledged to 
address the concerns raised by employees in the survey and 
work towards improving job satisfaction across all departments.
"""

Infer 5 topics

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prompt = f"""
Determine five topics that are being discussed in the \
following text, which is delimited by triple backticks.

Make each item one or two words long. 

Format your response as a list of items separated by commas.

Text sample: '''{story}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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government survey, job satisfaction, NASA, Social Security Administration, employee concerns

Make a news alert for certain topics

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topic_list = [
    "nasa", "local government", "engineering", 
    "employee satisfaction", "federal government"
]

prompt = f"""
Determine whether each item in the following list of \
topics is a topic in the text below, which
is delimited with triple backticks.

Give your answer as list with 0 or 1 for each topic.\

List of topics: {", ".join(topic_list)}

Text sample: '''{story}'''
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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nasa: 1
local government: 0
engineering: 0
employee satisfaction: 1
federal government: 1

Transforming

In this notebook, we will explore how to use Large Language Models for text transformation tasks such as language translation, spelling and grammar checking, tone adjustment, and format conversion.

Translation

ChatGPT is trained with sources in many languages. This gives the model the ability to do translation. Here are some examples of how to use this capability.

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prompt = f"""
Translate the following English text to Spanish: \ 
```Hi, I would like to order a blender```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Hola, me gustaría ordenar una licuadora.
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prompt = f"""
Tell me which language this is: 
```Combien coûte le lampadaire?```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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This is French.
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prompt = f"""
Translate the following  text to French and Spanish
and English pirate: \
```I want to order a basketball```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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French pirate: ```Je veux commander un ballon de basket```
Spanish pirate: ```Quiero ordenar una pelota de baloncesto```
English pirate: ```I want to order a basketball```
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prompt = f"""
Translate the following text to Spanish in both the \
formal and informal forms: 
'Would you like to order a pillow?'
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Formal: ¿Le gustaría ordenar una almohada?
Informal: ¿Te gustaría ordenar una almohada?

Universal Translator

Imagine you are in charge of IT at a large multinational e-commerce company. Users are messaging you with IT issues in all their native languages. Your staff is from all over the world and speaks only their native languages. You need a universal translator!

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user_messages = [
  "La performance du système est plus lente que d'habitude.",  # System performance is slower than normal         
  "Mi monitor tiene píxeles que no se iluminan.",              # My monitor has pixels that are not lighting
  "Il mio mouse non funziona",                                 # My mouse is not working
  "Mój klawisz Ctrl jest zepsuty",                             # My keyboard has a broken control key
  "我的屏幕在闪烁"                                               # My screen is flashing
] 

for issue in user_messages:
    prompt = f"Tell me what language this is: ```{issue}```"
    lang = get_completion(prompt)
    print(f"Original message ({lang}): {issue}")

    prompt = f"""
    Translate the following  text to English \
    and Korean: ```{issue}```
    """
    response = get_completion(prompt)
    print(response, "\n")
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Original message (This is French.): La performance du système est plus lente que d'habitude.
English: The system performance is slower than usual.
Korean: 시스템 성능이 평소보다 느립니다. 

Original message (This is Spanish.): Mi monitor tiene píxeles que no se iluminan.
English: My monitor has pixels that don't light up.
Korean: 내 모니터에는 불이 켜지지 않는 픽셀이 있습니다. 

Original message (This is Italian.): Il mio mouse non funziona
English: My mouse is not working.
Korean: 내 마우스가 작동하지 않습니다. 

Original message (This is Polish.): Mój klawisz Ctrl jest zepsuty
English: My Ctrl key is broken.
Korean: 제 Ctrl 키가 고장 났어요. 

Original message (This is Chinese (Simplified).): 我的屏幕在闪烁
English: My screen is flickering.
Korean: 내 화면이 깜빡입니다.

Tone Transformation

Writing can vary based on the intended audience. ChatGPT can produce different tones.

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prompt = f"""
Translate the following from slang to a business letter: 
'Dude, This is Joe, check out this spec on this standing lamp.'
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to bring to your attention a standing lamp that I believe may be of interest to you. Please find attached the specifications for your review.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely,

Joe

Format Conversion

ChatGPT can translate between formats. The prompt should describe the input and output formats.

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data_json = { "resturant employees" :[ 
    {"name":"Shyam", "email":"shyamjaiswal@gmail.com"},
    {"name":"Bob", "email":"bob32@gmail.com"},
    {"name":"Jai", "email":"jai87@gmail.com"}
]}

prompt = f"""
Translate the following python dictionary from JSON to an HTML \
table with column headers and title: {data_json}
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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<table>
  <caption>Restaurant Employees</caption>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Name</th>
      <th>Email</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Shyam</td>
      <td>shyamjaiswal@gmail.com</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Bob</td>
      <td>bob32@gmail.com</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Jai</td>
      <td>jai87@gmail.com</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Spellcheck/Grammar check.

Here are some examples of common grammar and spelling problems and the LLM’s response.

To signal to the LLM that you want it to proofread your text, you instruct the model to ‘proofread’ or ‘proofread and correct’.

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text = [ 
  "The girl with the black and white puppies have a ball.",  # The girl has a ball.
  "Yolanda has her notebook.", # ok
  "Its going to be a long day. Does the car need it’s oil changed?",  # Homonyms
  "Their goes my freedom. There going to bring they’re suitcases.",  # Homonyms
  "Your going to need you’re notebook.",  # Homonyms
  "That medicine effects my ability to sleep. Have you heard of the butterfly affect?", # Homonyms
  "This phrase is to cherck chatGPT for speling abilitty"  # spelling
]
for t in text:
    prompt = f"""Proofread and correct the following text
    and rewrite the corrected version. If you don't find
    and errors, just say "No errors found". Don't use 
    any punctuation around the text:
    ```{t}```"""
    response = get_completion(prompt)
    print(response)
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The girl with the black and white puppies has a ball.
No errors found.
It's going to be a long day. Does the car need its oil changed?
Their goes my freedom. There going to bring they're suitcases.

Corrected version: 
There goes my freedom. They're going to bring their suitcases.
You're going to need your notebook.
That medicine affects my ability to sleep. Have you heard of the butterfly effect?
This phrase is to check ChatGPT for spelling ability.
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text = f"""
Got this for my daughter for her birthday cuz she keeps taking \
mine from my room.  Yes, adults also like pandas too.  She takes \
it everywhere with her, and it's super soft and cute.  One of the \
ears is a bit lower than the other, and I don't think that was \
designed to be asymmetrical. It's a bit small for what I paid for it \
though. I think there might be other options that are bigger for \
the same price.  It arrived a day earlier than expected, so I got \
to play with it myself before I gave it to my daughter.
"""
prompt = f"proofread and correct this review: ```{text}```"
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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text = f"""
Got this for my daughter for her birthday cuz she keeps taking \
mine from my room.  Yes, adults also like pandas too.  She takes \
it everywhere with her, and it's super soft and cute.  One of the \
ears is a bit lower than the other, and I don't think that was \
designed to be asymmetrical. It's a bit small for what I paid for it \
though. I think there might be other options that are bigger for \
the same price.  It arrived a day earlier than expected, so I got \
to play with it myself before I gave it to my daughter.
"""
prompt = f"proofread and correct this review: ```{text}```"
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
text = f"""
Got this for my daughter for her birthday cuz she keeps taking \
mine from my room.  Yes, adults also like pandas too.  She takes \
it everywhere with her, and it's super soft and cute.  One of the \
ears is a bit lower than the other, and I don't think that was \
designed to be asymmetrical. It's a bit small for what I paid for it \
though. I think there might be other options that are bigger for \
the same price.  It arrived a day earlier than expected, so I got \
to play with it myself before I gave it to my daughter.
"""
prompt = f"proofread and correct this review: ```{text}```"
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
I got this for my daughter's birthday because she keeps taking mine from my room. Yes, adults also like pandas too. She takes it everywhere with her, and it's super soft and cute. However, one of the ears is a bit lower than the other, and I don't think that was designed to be asymmetrical. Additionally, it's a bit small for what I paid for it. I think there might be other options that are bigger for the same price. On the positive side, it arrived a day earlier than expected, so I got to play with it myself before I gave it to my daughter.
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prompt = f"""
proofread and correct this review. Make it more compelling. 
Ensure it follows APA style guide and targets an advanced reader. 
Output in markdown format.
Text: ```{text}```
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
display(Markdown(response))
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Title: A Soft and Cute Panda Plush Toy for All Ages

Introduction: As a parent, finding the perfect gift for your child's birthday can be a daunting task. However, I stumbled upon a soft and cute panda plush toy that not only made my daughter happy but also brought joy to me as an adult. In this review, I will share my experience with this product and provide an honest assessment of its features.

Product Description: The panda plush toy is made of high-quality materials that make it super soft and cuddly. Its cute design is perfect for children and adults alike, making it a versatile gift option. The toy is small enough to carry around, making it an ideal companion for your child on their adventures.

Pros: The panda plush toy is incredibly soft and cute, making it an excellent gift for children and adults. Its small size makes it easy to carry around, and its design is perfect for snuggling. The toy arrived a day earlier than expected, which was a pleasant surprise.

Cons: One of the ears is a bit lower than the other, which makes the toy asymmetrical. Additionally, the toy is a bit small for its price, and there might be other options that are bigger for the same price.

Conclusion: Overall, the panda plush toy is an excellent gift option for children and adults who love cute and cuddly toys. Despite its small size and asymmetrical design, the toy's softness and cuteness make up for its shortcomings. I highly recommend this product to anyone looking for a versatile and adorable gift option.

Expanding

In this lesson, you will generate customer service emails that are tailored to each customer’s review.

Customize the automated reply to a customer email

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# given the sentiment from the lesson on "inferring",
# and the original customer message, customize the email
sentiment = "negative"

# review for a blender
review = f"""
So, they still had the 17 piece system on seasonal \
sale for around $49 in the month of November, about \
half off, but for some reason (call it price gouging) \
around the second week of December the prices all went \
up to about anywhere from between $70-$89 for the same \
system. And the 11 piece system went up around $10 or \
so in price also from the earlier sale price of $29. \
So it looks okay, but if you look at the base, the part \
where the blade locks into place doesn’t look as good \
as in previous editions from a few years ago, but I \
plan to be very gentle with it (example, I crush \
very hard items like beans, ice, rice, etc. in the \ 
blender first then pulverize them in the serving size \
I want in the blender then switch to the whipping \
blade for a finer flour, and use the cross cutting blade \
first when making smoothies, then use the flat blade \
if I need them finer/less pulpy). Special tip when making \
smoothies, finely cut and freeze the fruits and \
vegetables (if using spinach-lightly stew soften the \ 
spinach then freeze until ready for use-and if making \
sorbet, use a small to medium sized food processor) \ 
that you plan to use that way you can avoid adding so \
much ice if at all-when making your smoothie. \
After about a year, the motor was making a funny noise. \
I called customer service but the warranty expired \
already, so I had to buy another one. FYI: The overall \
quality has gone done in these types of products, so \
they are kind of counting on brand recognition and \
consumer loyalty to maintain sales. Got it in about \
two days.
"""
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prompt = f"""
You are a customer service AI assistant.
Your task is to send an email reply to a valued customer.
Given the customer email delimited by ```, \
Generate a reply to thank the customer for their review.
If the sentiment is positive or neutral, thank them for \
their review.
If the sentiment is negative, apologize and suggest that \
they can reach out to customer service. 
Make sure to use specific details from the review.
Write in a concise and professional tone.
Sign the email as `AI customer agent`.
Customer review: ```{review}```
Review sentiment: {sentiment}
"""
response = get_completion(prompt)
print(response)
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Dear Valued Customer,

Thank you for taking the time to leave a review about our product. We are sorry to hear that you experienced an increase in price and that the quality of the product did not meet your expectations. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused you.

We would like to assure you that we take all feedback seriously and we will be sure to pass your comments along to our team. If you have any further concerns, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer service team for assistance.

Thank you again for your review and for choosing our product. We hope to have the opportunity to serve you better in the future.

Best regards,

AI customer agent

Remind the model to use details from the customer’s email

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prompt = f"""
You are a customer service AI assistant.
Your task is to send an email reply to a valued customer.
Given the customer email delimited by ```, \
Generate a reply to thank the customer for their review.
If the sentiment is positive or neutral, thank them for \
their review.
If the sentiment is negative, apologize and suggest that \
they can reach out to customer service. 
Make sure to use specific details from the review.
Write in a concise and professional tone.
Sign the email as `AI customer agent`.
Customer review: ```{review}```
Review sentiment: {sentiment}
"""
response = get_completion(prompt, temperature=0.7)
print(response)
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Dear valued customer,

Thank you for taking the time to leave us a review. We are sorry to hear that you were disappointed with the recent price increase of our product and the quality of the base. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused you.

If you have any further concerns, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer service team for assistance. We are dedicated to ensuring that our customers are satisfied with their purchases and we would be happy to help in any way we can.

Thank you again for your feedback and for choosing our product.

Sincerely,
AI customer agent

The Chat Format

In this notebook, you will explore how you can utilize the chat format to have extended conversations with chatbots personalized or specialized for specific tasks or behaviors.

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messages =  [  
{'role':'system', 'content':'You are an assistant that speaks like Shakespeare.'},    
{'role':'user', 'content':'tell me a joke'},   
{'role':'assistant', 'content':'Why did the chicken cross the road'},   
{'role':'user', 'content':'I don\'t know'}  ]

response = get_completion_from_messages(messages, temperature=1)
print(response)
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To get to the other side!
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messages =  [  
{'role':'system', 'content':'You are friendly chatbot.'},    
{'role':'user', 'content':'Hi, my name is Isa'}  ]
response = get_completion_from_messages(messages, temperature=1)
print(response)
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Hi Isa, it's nice to meet you! How can I assist you today?
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messages =  [  
{'role':'system', 'content':'You are friendly chatbot.'},    
{'role':'user', 'content':'Yes,  can you remind me, What is my name?'}  ]
response = get_completion_from_messages(messages, temperature=1)
print(response)
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I'm sorry, but as an AI language model, I don't have access to your personal information, and I cannot remember your name unless you tell me.
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messages =  [  
{'role':'system', 'content':'You are friendly chatbot.'},
{'role':'user', 'content':'Hi, my name is Isa'},
{'role':'assistant', 'content': "Hi Isa! It's nice to meet you. \
Is there anything I can help you with today?"},
{'role':'user', 'content':'Yes, you can remind me, What is my name?'}  ]
response = get_completion_from_messages(messages, temperature=1)
print(response)
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Your name is Isa.

OrderBot

We can automate the collection of user prompts and assistant responses to build a OrderBot. The OrderBot will take orders at a pizza restaurant. 

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def collect_messages(_):
    prompt = inp.value_input
    inp.value = ''
    context.append({'role':'user', 'content':f"{prompt}"})
    response = get_completion_from_messages(context) 
    context.append({'role':'assistant', 'content':f"{response}"})
    panels.append(
        pn.Row('User:', pn.pane.Markdown(prompt, width=600)))
    panels.append(
        pn.Row('Assistant:', pn.pane.Markdown(response, width=600, style={'background-color': '#F6F6F6'})))
 
    return pn.Column(*panels)
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import panel as pn  # GUI
pn.extension()

panels = [] # collect display 

context = [ {'role':'system', 'content':"""
You are OrderBot, an automated service to collect orders for a pizza restaurant. \
You first greet the customer, then collects the order, \
and then asks if it's a pickup or delivery. \
You wait to collect the entire order, then summarize it and check for a final \
time if the customer wants to add anything else. \
If it's a delivery, you ask for an address. \
Finally you collect the payment.\
Make sure to clarify all options, extras and sizes to uniquely \
identify the item from the menu.\
You respond in a short, very conversational friendly style. \
The menu includes \
pepperoni pizza  12.95, 10.00, 7.00 \
cheese pizza   10.95, 9.25, 6.50 \
eggplant pizza   11.95, 9.75, 6.75 \
fries 4.50, 3.50 \
greek salad 7.25 \
Toppings: \
extra cheese 2.00, \
mushrooms 1.50 \
sausage 3.00 \
canadian bacon 3.50 \
AI sauce 1.50 \
peppers 1.00 \
Drinks: \
coke 3.00, 2.00, 1.00 \
sprite 3.00, 2.00, 1.00 \
bottled water 5.00 \
"""} ]  # accumulate messages


inp = pn.widgets.TextInput(value="Hi", placeholder='Enter text here…')
button_conversation = pn.widgets.Button(name="Chat!")

interactive_conversation = pn.bind(collect_messages, button_conversation)

dashboard = pn.Column(
    inp,
    pn.Row(button_conversation),
    pn.panel(interactive_conversation, loading_indicator=True, height=300),
)

dashboard